We are the Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw.

We are the descendants of the original people of these lands. We are the people of the wind, the rivers, the mountains, the forests and the ocean. Our ancestors lived with and walked on the lands with wisdom and strength, as we do today. The connection between our Stélmexw (people) and our X̱ay Temíxw (sacred lands) is woven through our creation stories, our language, and our ancestral names and place names. Our snew̓íyelh (teachings) come from the longhouse, the land, and the wisdom of our Elders passed on through our history, ceremonies and culture. They are the foundation of our laws and way of life.

We have endured many chapters of change. Yet, we remain. We are resilient. We are proud. We are thriving. We honour our responsibility to the land and our sacred relationship with all living beings in order to protect our Siyám̓in (Territory) for the generations yet to come.

We hold up our siyám̓s (respected ones), our elders, our children, and our ancestors. We celebrate the strength of our families, the unity of our communities, and the sacredness of our relationships. We stand together as a Nation, with one heart and one mind.

This Constitution is our collective voice, prayer and our promise to protect future generations. It is a living document – rooted in our traditions, building on the 1923 Prayer of Amalgamation that brought us together, and shaped by our vision of the future. It is a bridge between our past and our future – as a Nation that is sovereign, self-sustaining, culturally vibrant, and united.

We will continue to walk in two worlds, guided by our snew̓íyelh (teachings) and empowered by our knowledge. We will use the tools of today to preserve the collective wisdom of yesterday for the generations of tomorrow.

We are Sḵwx̱wú7mesh. We have always been here, we are here, and we will always be here.

1.1This Constitution is a sacred commitment to our people, our ancestors, and our descendants. It is a promise to protect what is ours, to govern with integrity, and to walk forward together in strength and dignity.

1.2The purpose of this Constitution is to define the relationship between Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw (Members), our Siyám̓in (Territory) and Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government.

1.3This Constitution builds on the 1923 Prayer of Amalgamation and is intended to further the objective, set out in that Prayer, of advancing:

“the good government of the tribe, which would have as an ultimate result the abolishment of ill feeling that has arisen in past transactions, and which we know will henceforce bring about a brotherly feeling among each and every member of the Squamish people.”

1.4This Constitution is the highest written law of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw.

1.5Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws must be consistent with this Constitution. Any Sḵwx̱wú7mesh law that is inconsistent with this Constitution is, to the extent of the inconsistency, of no force or effect.

What this means — clause 1.5PLACEHOLDER — Clause-level gloss on what "of no force or effect" means in practice.

1.6The following deeply interconnected values will be considered in interpreting this Constitution and in carrying out duties and responsibilities in accordance with this Constitution:

(a)Úxwumixw refers to a group of people or a village of people and the people of the village must always come first. It is now used to describe our Nation.

(b)Snew̓íyelh refers to giving and receiving teachings and advice and encompasses the wisdom of the Ancestors and should be manifested in all we do.

(c)Siyám̓in means the territory held by a Siy̓ám̓. It is now used to refer to Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s territory and encompasses our collective responsibility to care for and protect these lands for future generations.

(d)Nexwníw̓ refers to our upbringing and obligation to bring snew̓íyelh into the work we do by following our family and ancestral teachings.

(e)Wanáxws refers to respect for all of creation, including the people, the animals, the plants, the land, the water, and our snew̓íyelh (teachings). This respect is what binds Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw together.

(f)Stélmexw refers to living beings and is now used to refer to people. It encompasses the responsibility to know who you are and where you come from and our interconnectedness with the land and all living things.

1.7The following must be applied as guiding principles in the interpretation of this Constitution and in carrying out duties and responsibilities in accordance with this Constitution:

(a)respecting all Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw equally;

(b)providing opportunities for meaningful participation of all Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw in significant decisions;

(c)upholding our sovereignty, cultural identity, values, laws, and the collective rights of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw;

(d)improving the quality of life and supporting the wellness and empowerment of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw, acknowledging the impacts of colonization and committing to intergenerational healing;

(e)revitalizing our language and strengthening our culture; and

(f)recognizing our sacred responsibility to care for and protect the lands, waters, and air of our Siyám̓in (Territory).

2.1Membership in Sḵwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw shall be guided by principles of ancestry, belonging, and community acceptance.

What this means — clause 2.1PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on what "principles of ancestry, belonging, and community acceptance" is doing in a legal provision.

2.2Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw has the exclusive right to define our own membership, including the recognition of descendants, adopted members, and those who live and uphold our ways.

What this means — clause 2.2PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on "exclusive right to define our own membership" — the operative clause of this Part.

2.3Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law or code implementing the Nation’s right referred to in section 2.2 that:

(a)recognizes who is a Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw;

What this means — clause 2.3(a)PLACEHOLDER — Short gloss on recognition versus enrolment.

(b)establishes the process for becoming a Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw; and

(c)reflects our values of inclusion, family unity, and cultural continuity.

What this means — clause 2.3PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on why this points to a future law rather than setting the rules here.

3.1Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw holds hereditary authority and title and rights, including cultural and intellectual property rights, on a collective basis and will protect the integrity of this authority, this title and these rights.

What this means — clause 3.1PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on collective rights being held by the Nation rather than by individuals.

3.2Subject to reasonable limits prescribed by Skwxwú7mesh law or policy and the obligation of Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw Government to adhere to the values and guiding principles set out in Part 1 (Interpretation), Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw have the right to:

(a)practice and pass on cultural traditions, ceremonies, and our snew̓íyelh (teachings);

(b)raise children in safety and with cultural support;

(c)enter, remain in and leave Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in (Territory);

(d)fish, hunt, trap and harvest plants and other resources sustainably across Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in;

(e)clean water, air, and a healthy environment within Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in;

(f)vote in elections and referenda, run for office, and have a voice in decisions that have a significant impact on Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw;

(g)equal protection and benefit of Skwxwú7mesh law, including equitable access to community services and to employment opportunities provided by the Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw Government without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race or ethnicity, colour, religion, residence, place of origin, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender, marital status, family status, political orientation, or mental or physical ability; and

What this means — clause 3.2(g)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the non-discrimination grounds and why they are enumerated.

(h)be informed and engaged, publicly express views and opinions and access public information, including Skwxwú7mesh laws, in relation to Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw Government affairs.

What this means — clause 3.2PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the "reasonable limits" qualifier that governs the whole list beneath it.

3.3Every Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw has the responsibility to:

(a)know who you are and where you come from;

(b)honour and uphold the snew̓íyelh (teachings) of our ancestors;

(c)use and care for our lands, waters, and air, recognizing the importance of protecting these for future generations;

(d)care for and support one another to ensure no one is left behind; and

(e)use the gifts you were born with to give back to and strengthen Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw by participating, where possible, in community life, ceremonies, and governance; and

(f)uphold this Constitution and all Skwxwú7mesh laws.

What this means — clause 3.3PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on whether responsibilities are obligations or statements of value.

4.1The official languages of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw are Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim and English.

4.2Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw and our Government have an obligation to protect, promote and revitalize Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim and integrate our language into all aspects of our lives.

4.3Every Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw has the right to:

(a)speak, use, learn and pass on Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim; and

(b)access to Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim and cultural programs regardless of age, ability, or residency.

4.4Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will take steps to implement the vision of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim once again becoming the language in which our Government functions.

What this means — clause 4.4PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on "will take steps to implement the vision" — a commitment to direction rather than to a date.

4.5Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will actively encourage the use of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim for place names, public signage and official communications.

5.1We are rooted and come from the lands, waters and mountains of the Salish Sea region in present day British Columbia. Our territory and homelands stretch from the south arm of the Fraser River, including Richmond, to Stlka’ya (Roberts Creek) in the west; then north along the height of land to the Elaho River headwaters, covering all of the waters and islands in Átl'ka7tsem, Nexwnéwu7ts, or Txwnéwu7ts (Howe Sound), the entire Squamish Valley and Howe Sound drainages; then southeast to the confluence of the Soo and Green Rivers north from skwikw (Whistler); then south along the height of land to T’item’tsn (Port Moody) area, including the entire Mamquam River and Indian Arm drainages.

What this means — clause 5.1PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on how to read a boundary description, with the named places set out plainly.

5.2Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw has inherent responsibility for all lands, waters, air and all living things within Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in (Territory). Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s rights to and authority over our Siyám̓in flow from this responsibility.

What this means — clause 5.2PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on rights flowing from responsibility rather than the other way round.

5.3Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw shall protect and use Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in (Territory), including the lands, waters, air, and all living things, for the benefit of present and future generations of all Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw.

5.4Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact laws, and develop policies, land use plans (including the X̱ay Temíxw), and protocols to uphold the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s responsibility and authority under sections 5.2 and 5.3 and ensure responsible stewardship of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in (Territory).

What this means — clause 5.4PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on what the X̱ay Temíxw land use plan is and its status.

5.5In protecting and using our Siyám̓in (Territory), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw will act as stewards of the territory and focus on:

(a)restoring, and reclaiming ecosystems;

(b)preserving traditional practices such as fishing, hunting, gathering, and medicine harvesting;

(c)supporting development that is sustainable;

What this means — clause 5.5(c)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on "development that is sustainable" and who decides.

(d)ensuring that development and resource use align with the cultural values and needs of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw;

(e)responding to climate change; and

(f)regulating activities that may harm the environment.

What this means — clause 5.5PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on what "act as stewards" commits the Government to.

5.6Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw will build and maintain partnerships and protocols to advance sustainability and stewardship of our Siyám̓in (Territory) with neighbouring Nations and other governments based on mutual respect.

What this means — clause 5.6PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on partnerships and protocols with neighbouring Nations.

6.1Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw recognizes that cooperation, give and take, and collective responsibility formed, and will continue to form, the foundation of community life and leadership within the Nation.

6.2Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government has the authority to:

(a)act on behalf of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw as set out in this Constitution and Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws; and

(b)carry out responsibilities assigned to Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw or our Government under other governments’ legislation.

6.3Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law that sets out:

(a)the structure and responsibilities of the bodies that collectively comprise Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government; and

(b)the process for selecting members of Council.

What this means — clause 6.3PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on why the structure of government is set by law rather than fixed in the Constitution.

6.4The law referred to in section 6.3 will integrate cultural protocols and consensus-building practices into Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government’s decision-making processes. This law may also provide for the establishment of bodies to advise Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government.

6.5Members of Council must embody the values of humility, service, inclusivity, and accessibility, consistent with our snew̓íyelh (teachings).

6.6Members of Council will be available to Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw through regular community visits and open forums, and communicate transparently.

6.7Administrative operations will be guided by principles of transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and the values and guiding principles set out in Part 1 (Interpretation).

6.8Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law that sets out the general structure of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government’s administration and financial management processes. This law will incorporate commitments to:

(a)establishing and maintaining sound financial management practices;

(b)establishing bodies or committees and processes that provide for independent oversight of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government’s financial administration;

(c)protecting Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s assets and finances;

(d)reflecting the needs of all Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw, including those residing off-reserve, in programs and services, to the extent it is practical;

(e)clearly communicating financial decisions to Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw; and

(f)reporting in a transparent and effective manner, including making budgets, audits, and expenditures publicly accessible to Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw.

What this means — clause 6.8PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the financial management commitments and what independent oversight means.

7.1Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw affirms that dispute resolution shall be rooted in our snew̓íyelh (teachings), cultural practices, and community values.

7.2The purpose of dispute resolution is to restore harmony, strengthen relationships, and uphold accountability within Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw.

7.3All dispute resolution processes shall be guided by the principles of respect, kinship, healing, compassion and transparency.

7.4Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law that establishes the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh judicial council that will have authority to hear challenges to the validity of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws.

What this means — clause 7.4PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on what it means for a body to hear challenges to the validity of a law.

7.5The Sḵwx̱wú7mesh judicial council will:

(a)be independent;

(b)have the authority to conduct hearings, make recommendations and render binding decisions;

What this means — clause 7.5(b)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on "binding decisions".

(c)be guided by the values and guiding principles set out in Part 1 (Interpretation); and

(d)carry out any additional responsibilities assigned to it by Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government.

7.6The law enacted under section 7.4 may also:

(a)recognize that Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government has established bodies and committees, and appointed individuals, that have dispute resolution responsibilities;

(b)establish other bodies or committees, or appoint individuals, to carry out dispute resolution responsibilities;

(c)acknowledge and support restorative justice and community and family circle initiatives; and

(d)instruct the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh judicial council, other dispute resolution bodies, committees or individuals to carry out specific functions.

8.1Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government has the jurisdiction and authority to exercise Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s inherent right to self-determination and to govern its own affairs.

8.2Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law setting out which bodies or processes have law-making authority in respect of specific matters.

8.3Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law that establish processes to:

(a)engage with Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw in respect of proposed laws;

(b)develop, enact and amend Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws;

(c)bring Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws into force; and

(d)publish Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws.

8.4In addition to the law-making authority set out in sections 2.3, 5.4, 6.3 6.8, 7.4, 8.2, 8.3 and 9.4 of the Constitution, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government has the authority to make laws respecting:

(a)the health, education and wellbeing of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw, including laws related to children and families; and

(b)programs and services provided by Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government that support health, education and wellbeing, including those related to children and families.

8.5Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will establish and maintain a public registry of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws that is accessible to Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw.

What this means — clause 8.5PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the public registry and what "accessible" would need to mean.

8.6Council may enter into agreements with other governments or entities to harmonize laws while maintaining sovereignty.

9.1Agreements entered into by Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government must:

(a)be guided by and reflect:

(i)Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws, authorities, principles, and values of respect and reciprocity; and

(ii)international law, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and other relevant covenants; and

(b)advance collective benefits and the long-term well-being of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw.

9.2Subject to section 9.3, Council has the authority to negotiate and approve agreements with other governments, corporations and other organizations through a process that:

(a)is accountable;

(b)is as transparent as possible; and

(c)involves community engagement in accordance with Sḵwx̱wú7mesh laws, values, principles and practices.

9.3An agreement that may have a significant impact on Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Siyám̓in (Territory) or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw’s financial position or sustainable future must be approved by Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw through a referendum before the Council can provide final approval.

What this means — clause 9.3PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the referendum requirement and what triggers it.

9.4Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw Government will enact a law to establish:

(a)what constitutes a significant impact; and

What this means — clause 9.4(a)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on why "significant impact" is left to be defined later.

(b)when community engagement may not be required.

10.1This Constitution is a living document, created by and for Sḵwx̱wú7mesÚxwumixw, and shall be amended only in accordance with the principles of transparency, inclusivity, cultural integrity, and member participation.

10.2An amendment to this Constitution may be initiated by:

(a)Skwxwú7mesh Stélmexw, through a petition signed by no less than 25% of eligible voters;

What this means — clause 10.2(a)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the 25% petition threshold.

(b)the People’s Assembly, by resolution;

(c)the Council, by resolution;

(d)a scheduled review within 5 years of this Constitution coming into effect; or

(e)a scheduled constitutional review occurring no less than once every 15 years after the first scheduled review.

10.3Upon initiation of an amendment, the proposed amendment shall be subject to a community engagement process, which shall include:

(a)notification to all Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw, including those residing off-reserve, with a minimum of 60 days’ notice prior to any vote;

(b)distribution of background information and rationale for the proposed amendment; and

(c)direct outreach to Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Stélmexw through various mechanisms that are both in-person and virtual and enable the inclusion of diverse representation.

10.4A proposed amendment shall be approved through a referendum in which:

(a)a majority of eligible voters cast a vote in the referendum and a majority of the votes that are cast support the proposed amendments;

What this means — clause 10.4(a)PLACEHOLDER — Gloss on the double majority — turnout and support are separate tests.

(b)voting procedures are conducted in a fair, secure, and accessible manner; and

(c)the results are recorded and reported on in a transparent manner.

10.5A constitutional oversight committee shall be established to:

(a)monitor the implementation, effectiveness and relevance of the Constitution;

(b)identify and report on implementation challenges and community concerns regarding the Constitution; and

(c)recommend constitutional reviews or amendments as necessary.

means the Council of Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw;

includes natural resources, the ocean floor, submerged lands, and sub-surface;

includes a code, bylaw or law-making protocol;

means at least fifty percent [50%] plus one;

refers to our territory and homelands, including the lands, waters, and air, for which we have a responsibility that stretch from the south arm of the Fraser River, including Richmond, to Stlka’ya (Roberts Creek) in the west; then north along the height of land to the Elaho River headwaters, covering all of the waters and islands in Átl'ka7tsem, Nexwnéwu7ts, or Txwnéwu7ts (Howe Sound), the entire Squamish Valley and Howe Sound drainages; then southeast to the confluence of the Soo and Green Rivers north from skwikw (Whistler); then south along the height of land to T’item’tsn (Port Moody) area, including the entire Mamquam River and Indian Arm drainages; and

is comprised of the People’s Assembly and Council, subject to any changes to the structure of the government set out in a a Sḵwx̱wú7mesh law made under section 6.3.